Tuesday, January 28, 2020
Sexual and Gender Identity, Personality, and Eating Disorders, classifications, components Essay Example for Free
Sexual and Gender Identity, Personality, and Eating Disorders, classifications, components Essay Abnormal disorders diagnosed in the DSM-IV-TR, a multi-axial diagnostic tool, used by clinicians, psychologists, psychiatrists, and medical professionals for the classification of mental disorders (Hansell Damour, 2008). Axis I and Axis II of the DSM-IV-TR covers classifications of mental disorders that include unwelcome types of distress and impairment, that constitutes mental disease, disorder, and or disability. This paper takes into account the diagnostic categories of sexual and gender identity, personality and eating disorders along with the basic distinction. Axis I and Axis II provides a quick reference for the three disorders. Sexual and gender identity disorders tend to be deviant, unsuspecting, fetishism,and erotic. Personality disorders tend to be enduring, pervasive, and subjectively indistinguishable; whereas eating disorders include feelings of hunger, are self-induced, self-defeating, and emotional. This paper will address the biological, emotional, cognitive and behavioral components of three Axis I and Axis II, sexual and gender identity, personality and eating disorders: anorexia bulimia, a, gender identity, exhibitionism, schizoid, paranoid. Diagnose and evaluate our case analysis of Alfred C. Kinsey, inadequate feeling of himself, which gained him explicit interest in sex. Major DSM Categories Sexual and Gender Identity Sex and gender disorders fall into the Axis I categories of: sexual dysfunctions, sexual desire, sexual arousal, sexual pain disorders, orgasmic, Paraphilia’s, and gender identity disorder. When considering sex and gender disorders it is imperative to keep in mind that normal and abnormal behaviors occur on continuing bases and that the factors of impairment and distress most often signify abnormality (Hansell Damour, 2008). Personality Disorder This classification begins with the general definition of personality disorder that has an unhealthy array of behaving, thinking and functioning that applies to each 10 personality disorders these include: paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal, antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic, avoidant, dependent and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. Axis II disorders are more pervasive and less able to be independently distinguished. Personality disorders still include the elements of distress and impairment as guidelines for the diagnosis of dysfunction. Eating Disorder The DSM-IV-TR includes two Axis I categories of eating disorders: anorexia nervosa, restricting to binge-eating, purging types, and bulimia nervosa restricting to purging and non-purging types. Anorexia nervosa affects between 0. 5% and 1% of the general population in the United States currently and bulimia nervosa affects up to 3% (Hansell Damour, 2008). When considering eating disorders it is important to take into account that some sub-groups in the American culture have extremely low body, such as gymnast and models, which complicates the diagnosis of eating disorders. Components of Sexual and Gender Identity Biological There are many biological factors that can affect sexual function. Biological components include aging, cigarette smoking, poor diet, medications, medical illness, brain injuries, and some degenerative diseases have been implicated in paraphilia’s. Research has discovered a connection in gender identity disorder to predispositions in the endocrine system which affects sexual and gender behaviors (Hansell Damour, 2008). Emotional Freud believed deviant sexual behavior is a defense mechanism in response to an internal emotional conflict and such behaviors provide a protective function. The inability to cope with and exert control over past humiliation fits right into paraphilia’s (Hansell Damour, 2008). In gender identity disorders, research emphasizes deviant or deficient parental relationships (Hansell Damour, 2008). Cognitive The greatest component that affects sexual functioning is anxiety. It is generally fluid by cognitive aspects such as psychological hang ups and emotional response. The individual is sexually aroused to deviant stimuli, which create maladaptive thought processes to accommodate the perceived deviance. The inappropriate behavior preserve the maladaptive thoughts required to accommodate the behavior (Hansell Damour, 2008). Behavioral Deviant sexual behavior can be learned by observing abnormal sexual behavior or participating in such behavior. Children rewarded for inappropriate sexual behaviors, (such as viewing or participating in pornography) can develop paraphilia. Therapy can focus on re-establishing healthy sexual behavior by reinforcing more appropriate behaviors (Hansell Damour, 2008). Components of Personality Disorder Biological Many personality disorders have been linked to genetics. Biological components disorders in personality disorders include altered brain structures, reduced gray and white matter, various neurotransmitter abnormalities, prenatal substance exposure, and low serotonin levels. The beliefs that some personality is the result of an overlap of genetics and environmental effects. Emotional Personality disorders generally reflect a disruptive childhood from which the child learns to rely on maladaptive defense mechanisms. Parental criticism and ridicule are central themes underlying these disorders. Additional research supports claims of childhood sexual or physical abuse, although this is not always characteristic in these disorders (Hansell Damour, 2008). Cognitive Cognitive components of personality disorders include the understanding that childhood experiences shape specific thought patterns or outlines, which have a significant effect on patterns of the individual’s behavior and perception which later becomes the personality. Maladaptive belief’s and behaviors are characteristics in personality disorders were therapy works towards replacing these beliefs and behaviors with more effective and useful ones. Behavioral Personality disorder are produced by maladaptive behaviors and thought processes created in childhood which persist because individuals are usually attracted to experiences that fit into their lives whether or not they are maladaptive. Therefore the maladaptive behaviors are maintained. People affected with personality disorders dictate underlining beliefs onto every facet of their lives, yet they have difficulty questioning these beliefs (Hansell Damour, 2008). Components of Eating Disorders Biological Biological components include a genetic factors, hormonal and neural abnormalities. Individuals who have hormonal and neural abnormalities tend to have no control over their eating habits, which causes them unleveled amounts of hormones related to hunger. Bulimia nervosa is linked to low hormone amount that suppress the appetite, this causes the individual to feel excessively hungry. It is the reverse case for anorexia nervosa. Emotional Eating disorder may be a complex reaction to high expectations set by parents and promoted by the individual. The body image becomes the high standard to an individual and not achieving it becomes the emotional instability part of their lives. Many strive toward high expectations and suffer the effects of not reaching those (Hansell Damour, 2008). Cognitive According to Hansell and Damour (2008), cognitive explanations of eating disorders emphasizes on rigid maladaptive beliefs, fixed thought patterns, self-defeating and self-perpetuating behavioral strategies. Cognitive explanations of eating disorders focus on eating or starvation that reinforces eating. Individual have distorted thoughts about food, body weight, body images and persevere in the belief they need to lose weight, or are afraid of gaining weight. Behavioral People with eating disorders participate in behaviors such as self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives, binging, and excessive exercise after eating in an effort to maintain their body weight. In anorexia individuals find comfort in starvation. Eating disorders are a result of inappropriate thoughts that reinforce haphazard eating behaviors (Hansell Damour, 2008). Case Analysis of Alfred C. Kinsey Alfred C Kinsey grew up with a controlling father, which caused him feeling of inadequacy. His family consisted of both parents, himself, very little affection and seemingly sexless household. His inadequate feeling gave Kinsey to accelerate greatly in school and on into his adult life. Using his doctoral degree as a sex education professor, Kinsey married having a family with 4 children, whom viewed sex with openness, allowing nudity in the house. Kinsey interest in sex was extreme and his goal was to â€Å"discover every single thing people did sexually†(Gathorne-Hardy, 1998, p. 182). Kinsey opened Institute for sex research and published the Kinsey report. It then generated two books on sexual behavior. Both books and Kinsey sexual practice throughout his life gave a lot of controversial and extreme allegations, that Kinsey was bisexual, played in masochistic sexual practices and engaged in child sexual abuse. Biological Kinsey family life consisted of both parents, displaying very little affection which caused Kinsey to believe it was a sexless marriage, with a controlling father. Kinsey grew an inadequate feeling about himself. He gained a need to excel academic wise causing him to gather all information possible about others sex lives. He became upset with his sex life as well as others. His marriage and family life dealt with his explicit interest in sex. Emotional Kinsey questions his own sexuality in adolescence and adulthood. Kinsey displayed a need for self-assurance through validation of his achievements. Kinsey â€Å"was a very sickly throughout his childhood and felt demeaned by his father†(Meyer, Chapman, Weaver, 2009,). Kinsey felt as the â€Å"authorities†on sexual research and education. Kinsey gathered and engaged in illegal sexual acts. Cognitive Kinsey thinking was prevalent to psychosexual disorder as the result of faulty socialization and learning, affected by genetic and temperament variables. The psychosexual disorder carries significance development of deviant and disrupted sexual behavior. Kinsey, not caring about his sexual apparatus, bisexual or participating in masochistic united his psychosexual disorder with a gender identity. Behavioral Kinsey â€Å"variation in sexual behavior are limited only by an individual’s imagination†(Laws O’Donohue, 2008; Sbrage O’Donohue, 2004). Kinsey behavior was repressed without any sexual acts. Census had Kinsey bisexual and engaging in Masochistic sexual practices. Conclusion In conclusion, even though impairment and distress are the primary diagnostic criteria for the verdict of abnormal disorders in both Axis I and Axis II disorders, the two categories can still are distinguished through the pervasiveness and subjective assessment of the personality disorder. Axis I categories of bulimia nervosa, sexual and gender disorder, exhibitionism are all rooted in biological or genetic predispositions that find their expression through sociocultural, affective, and behavioral triggers. By addressing these components biological, emotional, cognitive and behavioral factors in these disorders, psychological science develops a more clear understanding of these disorders in an effort to engage the individuals in successful therapeutic applications. Alfred C. Kinsey grew up with a controlling father and a sexless household. But in the long run his life was filled with sexual practices and controlling deviance behavior which initialed him with psychosexual disorder and carefree form of gender identity.
Monday, January 20, 2020
Research Report: The Great Gatsby :: essays research papers fc
Research Report: The Great Gatsby      In â€Å"The Great Gatsby: A Criticism of American Society,†author Ned Mack discusses how F. Scott Fitzgerald criticizes the American Society in the 1920’s for its trend to waste, advertise, encourage superficial relationships, and an obsession with appearances. All four of these things are very evident in the novel, and Mack just breaks each of them down individually. Mack talks about how the Valley of Ashes is an example of people being wasteful in the 1920’s. People in America use what they want and when they want and leave the remains or waste, you might call it, behind for the un-wealthy to clean up. â€Å"The valley of ashes was once a flourishing town, but was used until it was no longer valuable and was thus abandoned.†(qtd. In Mack) This is very true the rich people in the novel were by no means conservationist. They would not think twice about using things in excess and then discarding them how they please. Advertising plays a huge role in this novel. Mack says, â€Å"The billboard in the Valley of Ashes is held above the rest of the town and represents society worshipping advertising†(2). This is evident in the novel not only are business’ advertised but in a way people are always advertising themselves. By talking about their own business’ or even worse putting themselves on display and advertising themselves, but not as people, but more like objects and how wealthy they are. An example of this is when Mr. And Mrs. Mckee are at Myrtle’s party and the narrator Nick is talking about the Mckees and he says referring to Mrs. Mckee, â€Å"She told me with pride her husband had photographed her a hundred and twenty-seven times since they had been married†(qtd. In Mack) Subconsciously, Mrs. Mckee is advertising her husband and that he is a photographer. Mack goes on to talk about the American obsession with appearance that is shown throughout the novel. An example of this would be that Gatsby has a huge library filled with books that have never been opened. Gatsby is just trying to be someone that he is not in order to fit a certain image. Another character obsessed with her appearance and how people perceive her is Myrtle. At her party, she pretends that she has a kitchen full of servants who are waiting on her†¦when in reality she doesn’t. Research Report: The Great Gatsby :: essays research papers fc Research Report: The Great Gatsby      In â€Å"The Great Gatsby: A Criticism of American Society,†author Ned Mack discusses how F. Scott Fitzgerald criticizes the American Society in the 1920’s for its trend to waste, advertise, encourage superficial relationships, and an obsession with appearances. All four of these things are very evident in the novel, and Mack just breaks each of them down individually. Mack talks about how the Valley of Ashes is an example of people being wasteful in the 1920’s. People in America use what they want and when they want and leave the remains or waste, you might call it, behind for the un-wealthy to clean up. â€Å"The valley of ashes was once a flourishing town, but was used until it was no longer valuable and was thus abandoned.†(qtd. In Mack) This is very true the rich people in the novel were by no means conservationist. They would not think twice about using things in excess and then discarding them how they please. Advertising plays a huge role in this novel. Mack says, â€Å"The billboard in the Valley of Ashes is held above the rest of the town and represents society worshipping advertising†(2). This is evident in the novel not only are business’ advertised but in a way people are always advertising themselves. By talking about their own business’ or even worse putting themselves on display and advertising themselves, but not as people, but more like objects and how wealthy they are. An example of this is when Mr. And Mrs. Mckee are at Myrtle’s party and the narrator Nick is talking about the Mckees and he says referring to Mrs. Mckee, â€Å"She told me with pride her husband had photographed her a hundred and twenty-seven times since they had been married†(qtd. In Mack) Subconsciously, Mrs. Mckee is advertising her husband and that he is a photographer. Mack goes on to talk about the American obsession with appearance that is shown throughout the novel. An example of this would be that Gatsby has a huge library filled with books that have never been opened. Gatsby is just trying to be someone that he is not in order to fit a certain image. Another character obsessed with her appearance and how people perceive her is Myrtle. At her party, she pretends that she has a kitchen full of servants who are waiting on her†¦when in reality she doesn’t.
Sunday, January 12, 2020
Nathaniel Hawthorne Essay
After the publication of The Scarlet Letter in the year 1850 Nathaniel Hawthorne was recognized as one of the most significant writer in the United States. He has the ability to write like a â€Å"romancer†able to probe the inner mysteries and also as a realist who can describe to the reader the American character and experience (Gollin, par. 1). This means that in the early to the middle-part of the 19th century Hawthorne as writer can be depended upon as a guide, able to show how America was shaped by the forces of religion, migration, and other forces unique to the New World. Hawthorne is not a religious writer but the reader can get more from his work when it comes to the study of religion and religious men than by reading a religious treatise. The following will examine the man and the writer as he became instrumental in how the world came to view and understand nation building the American way. Biography            He was born in Salem, Massachusetts on July 4, 1804. He came from a family of Puritans. His father was a sea captain who died when he was four years old and so his mother brought him up together with his two sisters. For a few years he lived in Raymond, Maine but he was forced to go back to Salem so that he can prepare for college. It was at this time that he knew he was going to be a writer but at the same time realized that it would be difficult to earn a living writing full time (Golin, par. 2). He would always complain about the fact that he was forever forced to spend time and energy to make money to buy bread rather than to devote a great deal of his time doing the thing that he really loved. However, circumstances prevented him from doing so, especially when he decided to marry and raise a family.            But when he had the means and the opportunity to write, Hawthorne began to show his brilliance as a man of letters. Even his early works like Young Goodman Brown and Twice-told Tales gained approval from critics (Golin, par. 3). Nonetheless, Hawthorne still could not find a way to make writing novels a full-time job. He was forced to gain political appointments so he can have a decent source of income from working in places like the Customs House. Yet since he was a political appointee he was at the mercy of those who are in power. In 1849 he was dismissed and he fought to be reinstated. (Golin, par. 7). He was rejected once more but this failure became a stepping stone for him because it was also during this time that he completed The Scarlet Letter, a novel that would catapult him to fame.            It was The Scarlet Letter that made him famous as a writer who chose to express himself in the genre of romance. He was a unique writer in the sense that he spoke against the excesses of the Puritan tradition (Idol & Jones, p. 471). But what made his works so penetrating and so influential was the fact that he was an insider. He was no ordinary journalist who merely investigated the character flaws of the Puritans, he was one of them, the descendant of one of the most feared and respected Puritan. Moreover, he lived in Salem, the infamous location of the Salem witch trials.            He would later learn about the intimate details of the paranoia that swept the region and he would also come to know his ancestors who ruled the area with an iron fist. His embarrassment to be associated with them and the horrors that he discovered forever influenced his writing style and the type of subject matter that he would like to deal with in his future writings. His inspiration for doing so was described clearly in one of his autobiographical works and there he revealed his desire to remove the stain that embellished the Hawthorne name and he wrote: He was a soldier, legislator, judge †¦ he had all the Puritanic traits both good and evil. He was likewise a bitter persecutor, as witness the Quakers, who have remembered him in their histories †¦ His son, too, inherited the persecuting spirit,and made himself so conspicuous in the martyrdom of the witches, that their blood may fairly be said to have left a stain upon him (Woodberry, p. 124). By writing about the Puritans and the good as well as the bad things they did provided a way out for Hawthorne, a type of healing for the soul and the emotions. It can be argued that he was not very proud of his heritage but by writing about it he can have the ability to rectify some of the damages created by his ancestors. His ancestors thought that everything they did was righteous, but Hawthorne, writing generations later would like to set the record straight that although the Puritans help build a New World their religious views can sometimes do more harm than good. The Scarlet Letter            Everything that he knew and everything that he felt he poured out in the writing of The Scarlet Letter. This is perhaps the reason why this novel is considered a masterpiece. In the second chapter of the tale Hawthorne was able to capture the imagination of the readers when he brought them to a place where severe punishment was given to those who disobeyed the law no matter how trivial it may sound in the hearing of modern men. Hawthorne said that a lazy servant, a disobedient child, a person with different religious views, and even an â€Å"Indian†who may have behaved not in accordance to the customs of the land can receive punishment that should have been reserved only for criminals and not those who simply wanted to exercise their God-given freedom to live and pursue happiness.            Hawthorne then explained why the people living in that particular village acted so harshly and he wrote: â€Å"Meagre, indeed, and cold, was the sympathy that a transgressor might look for, from such bystanders, at the scaffold. On the other hand, a penalty which, in our days, would infer a degree of mocking infamy and ridicule, might then be invested with almost as stern a dignity as the punishment of death itself†(Hawthorne, Chap. 2). In the opening scene a woman named Hester Prynne emerged from prison clutching her baby in her arms and with a scarlet letter A embroidered on her bosom, symbol of ignominy according to the norms and values of old Massachusetts.            The readers felt the harshness of the sentence but pity turned to anger just as quickly when they discovered that a woman like Hester Prynee could not commit the sin of adultery without a partner. Aside from that the emergence of Hester’s husband – who apparently abandoned her – added another reason as to the need for clemency. But there is more. The adulterous partner was a respected clergyman who was so full of hypocrisy that he even joined with the inquisitors to force out from Hester the name of the man who committed adultery with her.            When Hester did not answer the clergyman as well as those who condemned her to a life of shame and misery the story reached another level of complexity. The woman considered to be the most sinful in the village has transcended her accusers by becoming more righteous than them because she chose to love her enemies. Hester’s actions mirrored the one felt by Hawthorne. He was not anti-religious or anti-God. One can even argue that Hawthorne believed in God and the Bible but he simply could not accept why men of shallow thinking was given the power and the influence to teach the Word of God without learning first compassion and wisdom. Instead of learning the intricacies of the law and the knowledge on how to dispense of punishment in the most cruel and inhumane manner, these ministers should have learned wisdom and love first. By doing so they could have been better servants of God.            It is not hard to see Hawthorne’s allusion to another famous Bible story when an adulterous woman was brought to Jesus to be judged. The woman was brought to Jesus simply because the Nazarene had earn the reputation for being merciful to the point that the religious leaders of his day interpreted his actions as heresy and a blatant demonstration of unfaithfulness to the Jewish religion and to their traditions. By bringing the woman who was caught in adultery, they sought to trap Jesus and to force him to act in accordance to the Law and if he refused then he will be condemned like the woman in front of her.            At this point one can appreciate the complexity of Hawthorne’s writing. He was not simply giving an indictment against the Puritans, he was also trying to show them how it should have been done, not using the author’s righteousness but using the same Bible against them. The Pharisees who was trying to trap Jesus was the ancient version of the Puritans who could not see the big picture, they can only saw the legal aspect, not the person in front of them. And so going back to the Bible story and Jesus this is what the religious leaders said to him: They made her stand before the group and said to Jesus, â€Å"Teacher, this woman was caught in the act of adultery. In the Law Moses commanded us to stone such women. Now what do you say? (John 8:3-5, NIV) Once again the woman was alone standing in the crowd of men. Where was the man who committed adultery with her? Where was the man who committed the act of adultery with Hester? The religious leaders did not wish to punish the woman because they sincerely believed that she should be punished but they went to great lengths to humiliate her simply because they wanted to uphold an ancient tradition, to preserve a way of life. Furthermore, there is a deeper lesson that the author wanted everyone to know: the community must abide by the rules and regulations because those who will not participate or those who will not consent are considered to be as guilty as the sinner. But Jesus was not afraid of the religious leaders, their accusations, and their condemnation. Jesus instead allowed them to see the big picture that all of them are guilty of secret sins. It may be big or small but if the community focused on punishment rather than in building each other up then they will simply destroy the way of life that they so cherish. They can stone the woman but the one who will cast the first stone must be blameless because the moment he would hurl the first stone his neighbor will turn on him for he too deserved to be punished. Conclusion            The brilliance of Hawthorne can be seen in so many levels. He was a gifted writer able to describe and analyze the way the Puritans had shaped the New World. But instead of simply criticizing them for their legalistic ways he also offered a way out for them by creating indirect references to the Word of God and when he used it as a basis for his writings he was not only able to rectify the misdeeds of the past, he was also able to show there is a better way to build a new nation. Works Cited Gollin, Rita. â€Å"Nathaniel Hawthorne.†In The Heath Anthology of American Literature. 5th Accessed 21 July 2010 from http://college.cengage.com/english/lauter/ heath/4e/students/author_pages/early_nineteenth/hawthorne_na.html Hawthorne, Nathaniel. â€Å"The Scarlet Letter.†Accessed 21 July 2010 from http://www.online-literature.com/hawthorne/scarletletter/ Holy Bible. â€Å"The Gospel of John.†The New International Version. Accessed 22 July 2010            from http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=john%208&version=NIV Idol, John & Buford Jones. Nathaniel Hawthorne: The Contemporary Reviews. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Woodberry, George. Nathaniel Hawthorne. SC: BiblioBazaar, 2008.
Saturday, January 4, 2020
War on Drugs Essay examples - 1932 Words
I. Thesis and Literature Summary In our contemporary society, the media constantly bombards us with horror stories about drugs like crack-cocaine. From them, and probably from no other source, we learn that crack is immediately addictive in every case, we learn that it causes corruption, crazed violence, and almost always leads to death. The government tells us that we are busy fighting a war on drugs and so it gives us various iconic models to despise and detest : we learn to stereotype inner-city minorities as being of drug-infested wastelands and we learn to witchhunt drug users within our own communities under the belief that they represent moral sin and pure evil. I believe that these titles and ideals are preposterous†¦show more content†¦They assert that the government has invested considerably in studies whose results could be used to wage the perennial war on drugs while to politicians, that war has amounted to nothing more than a perceptual war on poverty and u rban crime. Since politicians have had little else of marketable interest to debate over the years, this aggressive attack on drugs has existed as one of their only colorful means by which to create debate, controversy, and campaign fuel. In other words, when balancing the budget and maintaining an effective foreign policy became two boring to handle, Reinarman and Levine assert that the crack epidemic became the focus of politicians with the intent of luring public interest to their flashy anti-drug campaigns. Finally, in addition to the medias excess attention on the war against drugs, Reinarman and Levine make the point the constant coverage of crack in the news media has only been counterproductive to the alleged goals of any anti-drug program. 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Many innocent citizens of Mexico are killed and constantly being threatened. Violence suffocates the streets putting visitors at risk of their lives as well. Many believe that a lot of this has to do with the corrupt
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